dpkg，即Debian包管理器（Debian Package Manager），是一个在命令行下用于安装、构建、删除以及管理Debian软件包的工具。尽管对于普通用户来说，Aptitude等更友好的前端工具更为常用，但dpkg仍然是后端执行操作的核心。
除了dpkg本身，还有诸如dpkg-deb和dpkg-query等其他工具，它们也在某些操作中依赖于dpkg。然而，现代的系统管理员更倾向于使用如Apt、Apt-Get和Aptitude等更高级的包管理工具，这些工具能够更简便地管理软件，无需深入底层细节。
尽管如此，在某些特定情况下，直接使用dpkg来安装某些软件仍然是必要的。而在Linux生态系统中，除了dpkg，还有诸如yum、dnf、apt-get、rpm、Zypper、pacman和urpmi等多种包管理工具，它们各自在不同的发行版中发挥着重要的作用。
dpkg 命令的语法
dpkg -[command] [.deb package name]dpkg -[command] [package name]
dpkg 相关文件的位置
$ /var/lib/dpkg
被 dpkg所修改包的信息
$ /var/lib/dpkg/status
可用包的列表
$ /var/lib/dpkg/status
安装/升级软件
sudo dpkg -i atom-amd64.debSelecting previously unselected package atom.database ... 426102 files and directories currently installed.)Preparing to unpack atom-amd64.deb ...Unpacking atom (1.5.3) over (1.5.3) ...Setting up atom (1.5.3) ...Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-6ubuntu1) ...Processing triggers for bamfdaemon (0.5.2~bzr0+15.10.20150627.1-0ubuntu1) ...Rebuilding /usr/share/applications/bamf-2.index...Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.22-1ubuntu3) ...Processing triggers for mime-support (3.58ubuntu1) ...
从文件夹里安装软件
sudo dpkg -iR /opt/softwareSelecting previously unselected package atom.database ... 423303 files and directories currently installed.)Preparing to unpack /opt/software/atom-amd64.deb ...Unpacking atom (1.5.3) ...Setting up atom (1.5.3) ...Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-6ubuntu1) ...Processing triggers for bamfdaemon (0.5.2~bzr0+15.10.20150627.1-0ubuntu1) ...Rebuilding /usr/share/applications/bamf-2.index...Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.22-1ubuntu3) ...Processing triggers for mime-support (3.58ubuntu1) ...
已安装软件列表
$ dpkg -lDesired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold| Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend|/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)||/ Name Version Architecture Description+++-===========================-==================================-============-================================================================ii account-plugin-aim 3.12.10-0ubuntu2 amd64 Messaging account plugin for AIMii account-plugin-facebook 0.12+15.10.20150723-0ubuntu1 all GNOME Control Center account plugin for single signon - facebookii account-plugin-flickr 0.12+15.10.20150723-0ubuntu1 all GNOME Control Center account plugin for single signon - flickrii account-plugin-google 0.12+15.10.20150723-0ubuntu1 all GNOME Control Center account plugin for single signonii account-plugin-jabber 3.12.10-0ubuntu2 amd64 Messaging account plugin for Jabber/XMPPii account-plugin-salut 3.12.10-0ubuntu2 amd64 Messaging account plugin for Local XMPP (Salut)
查看指定的已安装软件
$ dpkg -l atomDesired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold| Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend|/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)||/ Name Version Architecture Description+++-==========-=========-===================-============================================ii atom 1.5.3 amd64 A hackable text editor for the 21st Century.
查看软件安装目录
dpkg -L atom/./usr/usr/bin/usr/bin/atom/usr/share/usr/share/lintian/usr/share/lintian/overrides/usr/share/lintian/overrides/atom/usr/share/pixmaps/usr/share/pixmaps/atom.png/usr/share/doc
查看 deb 包内容
$ dpkg -c atom-amd64.debdrwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/bin/-rwxr-xr-x root/root 3067 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/bin/atomdrwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/share/drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/share/lintian/drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/share/lintian/overrides/-rw-r--r-- root/root 299 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/share/lintian/overrides/atomdrwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/share/pixmaps/-rw-r--r-- root/root 643183 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/share/pixmaps/atom.pngdrwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-02-13 02:13 ./usr/share/doc/
显示软件的详细信息
$ dpkg -s atomPackage: atomStatus: install ok installedPriority: optionalSection: develInstalled-Size: 213496Maintainer: GitHub <atom@github.com>Architecture: amd64Version: 1.5.3Depends: git, gconf2, gconf-service, libgtk2.0-0, libudev0 | libudev1, libgcrypt11 | libgcrypt20, libnotify4, libxtst6, libnss3, python, gvfs-bin, xdg-utils, libcap2Recommends: lsb-releaseSuggests: libgnome-keyring0, gir1.2-gnomekeyring-1.0Description: A hackable text editor for the 21st Century.Atom is a free and open source text editor that is modern, approachable, and hackable to the core.</atom@github.com>
查看文件属于哪个软件
$ dpkg -S /usr/bin/atomatom: /usr/bin/atom
移除/删除软件
sudo dpkg -r atomdatabase ... 426404 files and directories currently installed.)Removing atom (1.5.3) ...Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-6ubuntu1) ...Processing triggers for bamfdaemon (0.5.2~bzr0+15.10.20150627.1-0ubuntu1) ...Rebuilding /usr/share/applications/bamf-2.index...Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.22-1ubuntu3) ...Processing triggers for mime-support (3.58ubuntu1) ...
清除软件
以下命令可以用来移除/删除包括配置文件在内的所有文件
sudo dpkg -P atomdatabase ... 426404 files and directories currently installed.)Removing atom (1.5.3) ...Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-6ubuntu1) ...Processing triggers for bamfdaemon (0.5.2~bzr0+15.10.20150627.1-0ubuntu1) ...Rebuilding /usr/share/applications/bamf-2.index...Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.22-1ubuntu3) ...Processing triggers for mime-support (3.58ubuntu1) ...
更多信息可以根据 --help 了解
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