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这个错误是因为ORACLE_SID变量没有传进去造成的。
把ORACLE_SID变量赋值，登录数据库。

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[oracle@e1 ~]$ echo $ORACLE_SID

[oracle@e1 ~]$
[oracle@e1 ~]$ export ORACLE_SID=P1
[oracle@e1 ~]$ echo $ORACLE_SID
P1
[oracle@e1 ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.3.0 Production on Fri Oct 24 14:28:13 2014
Connected to an idle instance.
SYS@P1>startup
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 920678400 bytes
Fixed Size 1348720 bytes
Variable Size 549456784 bytes
Database Buffers 364904448 bytes
Redo Buffers 4968448 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SYS@P1>

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ORA-12162: TNS:net service name is incorrectly specified