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CCNASUMMARY(转)

原创 IT生活 作者:post0 时间:2007-08-12 20:11:49 0 删除 编辑
CCNASUMMARY(转)[@more@]

  CCNA study 

  

  OSI Model 

  

  Application 

  File, print, message, database, and applications 

  Determines availability of the target host. 

  Www, email, ftp, telnet, edi, quake 

  

  Presentation 

  Data Encryption, compression, and translation services 

  Determines the syntax of the data transfer. 

  Pict, tiff, jpeg, midi, mpeg, quicktime, etc 

  

  Session 

  Dialog control, coordinates the comunications 

  Nfs, sql, rpc, x windows, asp (appletalk session protocol), DNA SCP (

  digital

  whatzit) 

  

  Transport 

  End-to-end communication 

  Responsible for hiding the communications from the higher layers. 

  TCP / UDP 

  

  Network 

  Routing 

  IP / ICMP, BootP, ARP, RARP 

  Routers 

  

  Data Link 

  Framing 

  Ethernet II, 802.5 (token ring), 802.3, 802.2 (802.3 with dsap and ssa

  p logical

  link control fields) 

  Media access control: MAC: 48 bits, 3 bytes vendor + 3 bytes serial nu

  mber 

   

  

  WAN: 

  

  High-level datalink control HDLC (cisco default for serial links) 

  Synchronous Data Link Control SDLC (uses polling) 

  Link Access Procedure, Balanced LAPB 

  x.25, slip, ppp, isdn, Frame Relay 

  Bridges / Switches 

  Physical 

  Wire?nbsp;

  v.24, v.35, x.21, g.703, hssi, etc 

  Repeaters / Hubs 

   

   

  

  DOD Model 

  

  Process/application ?nbsp; application, presentation, session 

  Host-to-host ?nbsp; transport 

  Internet  ?nbsp; network 

  Network access ?nbsp; Datalink / physical 

   

  

  LAN 

  

  Ethernet 

   802.3 CSMA/CD | Ethernet_II |  802.2 

   10base2/thinnet: 185 meters 

   10base5/thicknet: 500 meters 

   10baseT: can run above 10Mbps 200ish meters 

    5-4-3 rule: 5 segments, 4 repeaters, 3 segments populated 

   100BaseTX: 100 meters, up to 2 repeaters. Packets between 512 and

  1518.

  

  FDDI 

   100 Mbps 

   token passing with dual counter-rotating rings 

  

  Token-ring 

   802.5 

   4 / 16 Mbps 

  

  ATM 

   53-byte cells 

  

  Flow Control 

  

      Contention: CSMA/CD : Carrier Sense Multiple Access, Collision 

  Detect

      Token Passing: Token Ring, Fiddi 

      Polling: SDLC, some HDLC, some HP ethernet stuff 

  

  SWITCHING 

  

   Store ?nbsp;and ?nbsp;forward 

   Buffers whole frame before forwarding 

  

   Cut-Through 

   Forward frame as soon as destination address is available 

  

   Fragment Free 

   Does Cut-Through after 64 bytes are received to stop collision packe

  ts from

  being forwarded. 

  

   802.1d Spanning-Tree Protocol STP 

   detect and eliminates loops in routed network 

  

   STA: Spanning Tree Algorithm 

   Sends out BPDUs: Bridge protocol data units 

   

  

  VLAN: 

  

  Virtual Lans 

  

  Create 'logical' networks by location, function or department.. Or pro

  tocol, or

  whatever. 

  Done with a switch using Frame-Tagging (can be used between switches I

  f you

  have ISL inter-switch link) Frame-Tagging uses unique user-defined id

  entifiers

  while within the switch fabric, and is very scalable. 

   

  

  TCP/IP 

  

  Port numbers: 

   

  

      TCP: protocol number 6 

      ftp: 21 

      telnet: 23 

      smtp: 25 

      UDP: protocol number 17 

      Dns: 53 

      Tftp: 69 

      Snmp: 161 

  

  TCP Addressing: 

   

  

      0-255: public assigned 

      256 ?nbsp;1023: assigned to companies 

      1023+ user defined / source addresses 

  

  IP Addressing: 

  

  Class leading bits decimal range of first byte 

  A 0 1-127 

  B 10 128-191 

  C 100 192-223 

  Learn the rest of the stuff? Way out of scope of this. 

  

  NOTE: 

  Cisco considers the mask to be the bits beyond what is 'normal' for th

  at class

  address, not the entire number of bits in the subnet mask, sometimes?

   

   

   

  

  IPX 

  

  Protocl Stack: 

   

  

   1. Application, presentation, session - RIP, SAP, NCP, NLSP, etc?nbsp;

   2. Transport  - IPX, SPX 

   3. Network  - IPX 

   4. Data link  - ODL Open Data Link 

   5. Physical   - whatever 

  

  

  IPX 

  

   Connectionless, and communicates via sockets 

   Each host runs its own internal ipx network in addition to any lan n

  etwork 

   Addressing: 

    10 byte address 

    first 4 bytes are network ?nbsp;need to be unique, otherwise whatever..

   

    Last 6 bytes are node - usually just use the MAC address 

  

  SPX 

  

   Sequence Packet eXchange 

   Connection oriented protocol 

   Creates virtual circuits, with specific connection Ids 

   

  

  RIP 

  

   Routing information protocol 

   Distance vector protocol that establishes routes between ipx network

  s 

   Judges based on ticks (1/18 second units) and hops 

   Broadcast every 60 seconds 

   Used to provide each server with a complete network map 

  

  SAP 

   Service advertising protocol 

   Servers use it to advertise, clients use it to locate services 

   Broadcast every 60 seconds 

  

  NLSP 

   NetWare Link Services Protocol 

   Link-state protcol to replace RIP and SAP someday?nbsp;

  

  NCP 

   NetWare Core Protocol 

   Provides access to server resources 

   

  

  Netware in a nutshell 

   

  

   1. Strict client-server model (nobody is both) 

   2. Servers provide files, printing, messaing, applications, and data

  bases 

   3. Every netware server (or cisco router) creates a SAP table of all

  services

     offered by all servers 

   4. A client issues a GNS (GetNearestServer request) broadcast to fin

  d out

     what is on the local SAP 

  

  

  Netware frame types  &  Features 

   

  

   1.802.3 default on NetWare 3.11 

   2.802.2 default on NetWare 3.12+ 

   3.ethernet_ii  -  supports tcp/ip and ipx 

   4.ethernet_SNAP -  appletalk, tcp/ip, and ipx 

  

  

  Routing Protocols 

  

  RIP: 

  

   Routing Information Protocol 

   Distance ?nbsp;vector routing protocol 

   Updates every 30 seconds 

   Route invalid timer 90 seconds: time before route considered invalid

  . 

   Route flush timer: 240 seconds: route removed from table 

   Can use metrics (1-15) to weight against some interfaces 

   15 hop limit 

  

  OSPF: 

  

  Open Shortest Path First 

  Link-state routing 

  Very infrequent broadcast updates 

  Extremely granular metrics 

  

  NLSP: 

  

  Novell's Link State Protocol 

  Link-state 

  

  IGRP: 

  

  Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (cisco proprietary) 

  Distance-vector 

  Metrics and hop count from 1-255 

  Measures delay in units of 10 milliseconds 

  Mea


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