oracle数据库有四种状态：shutdown，nomount，mount，open。读取参数文件启动到nomount，启动到mount状态时候会读取控制文件，然后根据controlfile内容加载数据库启动open状态。

如下是当10.2版本的数据库升级到11.2时候（升级过程是先升级软件，后DBUA升级数据库），用10.2版本的sqlplus去实验一下是否能打开数据库，可以很清楚的看到，sqlplus会以10.2的spfile启动到nomount状态，再继续alter database mount时候，就会去读controlfile，此时因为数据库已经升级到了11.2，所以会有如下输出：

[oracle@orcl6 ~]$ source .bash_profile--选择环境变量

What is your choose of Oracle version?

Enter only 1 or 2

1) Oracle 10g

2) Oracle 11g

#? 1

Oracle user Environment is:

ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracle

ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_home_1

ORACLE_SID=orcl

[oracle@orcl6 ~]$ which sqlplus--查看sqlplus版本信息

/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_home_1/bin/sqlplus

[oracle@orcl6 ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.5.0 - Production on Fri Apr 11 18:34:48 2014

Connected to:

Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.5.0 - Production

With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options

SQL> startup nomount;

ORA-01081: cannot start already-running ORACLE - shut it down first

SQL> shu immediate

ORA-01507: database not mounted

ORACLE instance shut down.

SQL> startup nomount;--成功启动到nomount状态

ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 243269632 bytes

Fixed Size 1273032 bytes

Variable Size 92275512 bytes

Database Buffers 146800640 bytes

Redo Buffers 2920448 bytes

SQL> show parameter spfile--查看使用的参数文件

NAME TYPE VALUE

------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------

spfile string /u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0

/db_home_1/dbs/spfileorcl.o

ra

SQL> alter database mount;--明显的报错如下>>

alter database mount

*

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-00201: control file version 11.2.0.3.0 incompatible with ORACLE version

10.2.0.5.0

ORA-00202: control file: '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl'

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