http://dev.21tx.com/2005/09/20/15997_8.html
http://tech.huobao0911.com/k4/k23/200706/40933.html
http://man.垃圾广告.com/content/develop/joyfire/kernel/7.html
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/l-cn-ext4resize/

翻译过来的文章都比较差

不过如果清楚一些东西,大概能看明白.

关于文件系统,对我们的启示目前只能大概列出几点:

1, 存储小文件(比如mail, 商品描述,图片,文章)尽量采用reiserfs ( btree存储数据块,利于查询,不利于增删改)
    适用于绝大部分请求是读的情况.
2, 如果要稳妥,安全可靠,还是采用ext3吧.
    如果追求速度,则采用ext2是不错的选择,毕竟少了journal.
    如果需要动态resize, list, rm大量文件(对操作inode的优化),则需要使用最新的ext4, 它提供了很好的维护工具.

3, 建议将缺省的os io block改成4096bytes; 用空间换时间.
    这样,在inode直接块为12个的情况下, 可直接由指针访问的文件大小上限是 48k

4, 如果需要,尽量在单用户模式下进行fsck
    在运营环境下,一定要禁止重启后fsck(缺省情况),禁止方法如下
   
    . 将/sbin/fsck备份成/sbin/fsck.bak
      . 创建link #ln -s /bin/true /sbin/fsck
搞明白ext2的基本结构就差不多了,我想ext3,ext4跟ext2应该差不了多少.

主要是inode, super block, block group, vfs, 文件系统缓冲存储方法及LRU淘汰机制.
然后需要明白 glibc提供的系统调用是怎样映射到vfs的 system call的, 再映射到特定文件系统的操作方法的.

reiserfs会有比较大的差别,比如,它不是based on inode的; 数据块以btree来组织.
而ext2的数据块是存储在链表中(? )

/*
 * Structure of an inode on the disk
 */
struct ext2_inode {
        __le16  i_mode;         /* File mode */
        __le16  i_uid;          /* Low 16 bits of Owner Uid */
        __le32  i_size;         /* Size in bytes */
        __le32  i_atime;        /* Access time */
        __le32  i_ctime;        /* Creation time */
        __le32  i_mtime;        /* Modification time */
        __le32  i_dtime;        /* Deletion Time */
        __le16  i_gid;          /* Low 16 bits of Group Id */
        __le16  i_links_count;  /* Links count */
        __le32  i_blocks;       /* Blocks count */
        __le32  i_flags;        /* File flags */
        union {
                struct {
                        __le32  l_i_reserved1;
                } linux1;
                struct {
                        __le32  h_i_translator;
                } hurd1;
                struct {
                        __le32  m_i_reserved1;
                } masix1;
        } osd1;                         /* OS dependent 1 */
        __le32  i_block[EXT2_N_BLOCKS];/* Pointers to blocks */
        __le32  i_generation;   /* File version (for NFS) */
        __le32  i_file_acl;     /* File ACL */
        __le32  i_dir_acl;      /* Directory ACL */
        __le32  i_faddr;        /* Fragment address */
        union {
                struct {
                        __u8    l_i_frag;       /* Fragment number */
                        __u8    l_i_fsize;      /* Fragment size */
                        __u16   i_pad1;
                        __le16  l_i_uid_high;   /* these 2 fields    */
                        __le16  l_i_gid_high;   /* were reserved2[0] */
                        __u32   l_i_reserved2;
                } linux2;
                struct {
                        __u8    h_i_frag;       /* Fragment number */
                        __u8    h_i_fsize;      /* Fragment size */
                        __le16  h_i_mode_high;
                        __le16  h_i_uid_high;
                        __le16  h_i_gid_high;
                        __le32  h_i_author;
                } hurd2;
                struct {
                        __u8    m_i_frag;       /* Fragment number */
                        __u8    m_i_fsize;      /* Fragment size */
                        __u16   m_pad1;
                        __u32   m_i_reserved2[2];
                } masix2;
        } osd2;                         /* OS dependent 2 */
};

/*
 * Structure of the super block
 */
struct ext2_super_block {
        __le32  s_inodes_count;         /* Inodes count */
        __le32  s_blocks_count;         /* Blocks count */
        __le32  s_r_blocks_count;       /* Reserved blocks count */
        __le32  s_free_blocks_count;    /* Free blocks count */
        __le32  s_free_inodes_count;    /* Free inodes count */
        __le32  s_first_data_block;     /* First Data Block */
        __le32  s_log_block_size;       /* Block size */
        __le32  s_log_frag_size;        /* Fragment size */
        __le32  s_blocks_per_group;     /* # Blocks per group */
        __le32  s_frags_per_group;      /* # Fragments per group */
        __le32  s_inodes_per_group;     /* # Inodes per group */
        __le32  s_mtime;                /* Mount time */
        __le32  s_wtime;                /* Write time */
        __le16  s_mnt_count;            /* Mount count */
        __le16  s_max_mnt_count;        /* Maximal mount count */
        __le16  s_magic;                /* Magic signature */
        __le16  s_state;                /* File system state */
        __le16  s_errors;               /* Behaviour when detecting errors */
        __le16  s_minor_rev_level;      /* minor revision level */
        __le32  s_lastcheck;            /* time of last check */
        __le32  s_checkinterval;        /* max. time between checks */
        __le32  s_creator_os;           /* OS */
        __le32  s_rev_level;            /* Revision level */
        __le16  s_def_resuid;           /* Default uid for reserved blocks */
        __le16  s_def_resgid;           /* Default gid for reserved blocks */
        /*
         * These fields are for EXT2_DYNAMIC_REV superblocks only.
         *
         * Note: the difference between the compatible feature set and
         * the incompatible feature set is that if there is a bit set
         * in the incompatible feature set that the kernel doesn't
         * know about, it should refuse to mount the filesystem.
         *
         * e2fsck's requirements are more strict; if it doesn't know
         * about a feature in either the compatible or incompatible
         * feature set, it must abort and not try to meddle with
         * things it doesn't understand...
         */
        __le32  s_first_ino;            /* First non-reserved inode */
        __le16   s_inode_size;          /* size of inode structure */
        __le16  s_block_group_nr;       /* block group # of this superblock */
        __le32  s_feature_compat;       /* compatible feature set */
        __le32  s_feature_incompat;     /* incompatible feature set */
        __le32  s_feature_ro_compat;    /* readonly-compatible feature set */
        __u8    s_uuid[16];             /* 128-bit uuid for volume */
        char    s_volume_name[16];      /* volume name */
        char    s_last_mounted[64];     /* directory where last mounted */
        __le32  s_algorithm_usage_bitmap; /* For compression */
        /*
         * Performance hints.  Directory preallocation should only
         * happen if the EXT2_COMPAT_PREALLOC flag is on.
         */
        __u8    s_prealloc_blocks;      /* Nr of blocks to try to preallocate*/
        __u8    s_prealloc_dir_blocks;  /* Nr to preallocate for dirs */
        __u16   s_padding1;
        /*
         * Journaling support valid if EXT3_FEATURE_COMPAT_HAS_JOURNAL set.
         */
        __u8    s_journal_uuid[16];     /* uuid of journal superblock */
        __u32   s_journal_inum;         /* inode number of journal file */
        __u32   s_journal_dev;          /* device number of journal file */
        __u32   s_last_orphan;          /* start of list of inodes to delete */
        __u32   s_hash_seed[4];         /* HTREE hash seed */
        __u8    s_def_hash_version;     /* Default hash version to use */
        __u8    s_reserved_char_pad;
        __u16   s_reserved_word_pad;
        __le32  s_default_mount_opts;
        __le32  s_first_meta_bg;        /* First metablock block group */
        __u32   s_reserved[190];        /* Padding to the end of the block */
};


/*
 * second extended-fs super-block data in memory
 */
struct ext2_sb_info {
        unsigned long s_frag_size;      /* Size of a fragment in bytes */
        unsigned long s_frags_per_block;/* Number of fragments per block */
        unsigned long s_inodes_per_block;/* Number of inodes per block */
        unsigned long s_frags_per_group;/* Number of fragments in a group */
        unsigned long s_blocks_per_group;/* Number of blocks in a group */
        unsigned long s_inodes_per_group;/* Number of inodes in a group */
        unsigned long s_itb_per_group;  /* Number of inode table blocks per group */
        unsigned long s_gdb_count;      /* Number of group descriptor blocks */
        unsigned long s_desc_per_block; /* Number of group descriptors per block */
        unsigned long s_groups_count;   /* Number of groups in the fs */
        unsigned long s_overhead_last;  /* Last calculated overhead */
        unsigned long s_blocks_last;    /* Last seen block count */
        struct buffer_head * s_sbh;     /* Buffer containing the super block */
        struct ext2_super_block * s_es; /* Pointer to the super block in the buffer */
        struct buffer_head ** s_group_desc;
        unsigned long  s_mount_opt;
        uid_t s_resuid;
        gid_t s_resgid;
        unsigned short s_mount_state;
        unsigned short s_pad;
        int s_addr_per_block_bits;
        int s_desc_per_block_bits;
        int s_inode_size;
        int s_first_ino;
        spinlock_t s_next_gen_lock;
        u32 s_next_generation;
        unsigned long s_dir_count;
        u8 *s_debts;
        struct percpu_counter s_freeblocks_counter;
        struct percpu_counter s_freeinodes_counter;
        struct percpu_counter s_dirs_counter;
        struct blockgroup_lock s_blockgroup_lock;
};

注意super block在磁盘和内存中的结构体是有区别的