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java使用 JMH 编写基准测试类并分析结果。

原创 Java 作者:tiannuo 时间:2026-05-11 12:14:19 0 删除 编辑

1. 添加依赖


如果你使用 Maven,可以在 pom.xml 添加 JMH 依赖:


<dependencies>

    <dependency>

        <groupId>org.openjdk.jmh</groupId>

        <artifactId>jmh-core</artifactId>

        <version>1.45</version>

    </dependency>

</dependencies>


<build>

    <plugins>

        <plugin>

            <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>

            <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>

            <version>3.11.0</version>

            <configuration>

                <source>17</source>

                <target>17</target>

            </configuration>

        </plugin>

        <plugin>

            <groupId>org.openjdk.jmh</groupId>

            <artifactId>jmh-generator-annprocess</artifactId>

            <version>1.45</version>

            <executions>

                <execution>

                    <goals>

                        <goal>generate-sources</goal>

                    </goals>

                </execution>

            </executions>

        </plugin>

    </plugins>

</build>


注意:JMH 需要注解处理器,所以 jmh-generator-annprocess 是必须的。


2. 编写基准测试类


假设我们要测试两种字符串连接方式的性能:String + 和 StringBuilder。


import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.*;

import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;


@BenchmarkMode(Mode.AverageTime)   // 测试平均执行时间

@OutputTimeUnit(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS) // 输出时间单位:纳秒

@State(Scope.Thread)             // 每个线程独立状态

public class StringConcatBenchmark {


    private String base = "hello";


    // 使用 String 直接连接

    @Benchmark

    public String testStringConcat() {

        String result = base;

        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

            result += " world";

        }

        return result;

    }


    // 使用 StringBuilder

    @Benchmark

    public String testStringBuilder() {

        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(base);

        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

            sb.append(" world");

        }

        return sb.toString();

    }

}

3. 运行基准测试


JMH 建议不要直接用 IDE 运行,因为它有很多 JVM 调优和 Warmup 的需求。推荐使用 main 方法或 Maven 插件。


import org.openjdk.jmh.runner.Runner;

import org.openjdk.jmh.runner.options.Options;

import org.openjdk.jmh.runner.options.OptionsBuilder;


public class BenchmarkRunner {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

        Options opt = new OptionsBuilder()

                .include(StringConcatBenchmark.class.getSimpleName())

                .forks(1)       // JVM fork次数

                .warmupIterations(5) // 预热次数

                .measurementIterations(10) // 测量次数

                .build();

        new Runner(opt).run();

    }

}


运行后,你会得到类似如下的输出:


[info] Benchmark                                    Mode  Cnt  Score   Error  Units

[info] StringConcatBenchmark.testStringBuilder     avgt   10  35.123 ± 1.234  ns/op

[info] StringConcatBenchmark.testStringConcat      avgt   10  256.456 ± 10.456 ns/op

4. 分析结果

Mode:基准测试模式,这里是 avgt(Average Time)平均时间。JMH 还支持 Throughput、SampleTime、All 等模式。

Cnt:测量次数

Score:测量值

Error:误差范围

Units:单位(这里是纳秒)


从上面的结果可以看出:


StringBuilder 的性能远高于 String +,因为 String 连接每次都会创建新对象,而 StringBuilder 可以复用缓冲区。

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