程序的基本概念-上

程序的基本概念

1.1. 程序和编程语言

程序（Program）告诉计算机应如何完成一个计算任务，这里的计算可以是数学运算，比如解方程，也可以是符号运算，比如查找和替换文档中的某个单词。从根本上说，计算机是由数字电路组成的运算机器，只能对数字做运算，程序之所以能做符号运算，是因为符号在计算机内部也是用数字表示的。此外，程序还可以处理声音和图像，声音和图像在计算机内部必然也是用数字表示的，这些数字经过专门的硬件设备转换成人可以听到、看到的声音和图像。

程序由一系列基本操作组成，基本操作有以下几类：

输入（Input）

从键盘、文件或者其他设备获取数据。

输出（Output）

把数据显示到屏幕，或者存入一个文件，或者发送到其他设备。

基本运算

最基本的数据访问和数学运算（加减乘除）。

测试和分支

测试某个条件，然后根据不同的测试结果执行不同的后续操作。

循环

重复执行一系列操作。

你曾用过的任何一个程序，不管它有多么复杂，都是按这几类基本操作一步一步执行的。程序是那么的复杂，而编写程序可以用的基本操作却只有这么简单的几种，这中间巨大的落差就要由程序员去填补了，所以编写程序理应是一件相当复杂的工作。 编写程序可以说是这样一个过程：把复杂的任务分解成子任务，把子任务再分解成更简单的任务，层层分解，直到最后简单得可以用以上几种基本操作来完成。

编程语言（Programming Language）分为低级语言（Low-level Language）和高级语言（High-level Language）。机器语言（Machine Language）和汇编语言（Assembly Language）属于低级语言，直接用计算机指令（Instruction）编写程序。而C、C++、Java、Python等属于高级语言，用语句（Statement）编写程序，语句是计算机指令的抽象表示。

举个例子，同样一个语句用机器语言、汇编语言和C语言分别表示如下：

一个语句的三种表示（32位x86平台）

编程语言

表示形式

机器语言

a1 18 a0 04 0883 c0 01a3 1c a0 04 08

汇编语言

mov 0x804a018,%eaxadd $0x1,%eaxmov %eax,0x804a01c

C语言

a = b + 1;

计算机只能对数字做运算，符号、声音、图像在计算机内部都要用数字表示，指令也不例外，上表中的机器语言完全由十六进制数字组成。最早的程序员都是直接用机器语言编程，但是很麻烦，需要查大量的表格来确定每个数字表示什么意思，编写出来的程序很不直观，而且容易出错，于是有了汇编语言，把机器语言中一组一组的数字用助记符（Mnemonic）表示，直接用这些助记符写出汇编程序，然后让汇编器（Assembler）去查表把助记符替换成数字，也就把汇编语言翻译成了机器语言。

从上面的例子可以看出，汇编语言和机器语言的指令是一一对应的，汇编语言有三条指令，机器语言也有三条指令，汇编器就是做一个简单的替换工作。例如在第一条指令中，把 mov ?,%eax

这种格式的指令替换成机器码 a1 ?

，?表示一个地址，在汇编指令中是 0x804a018

，转换成机器码之后是 18 a0 04 08

（这是指令中十六进制数的小端表示，小端表示将在 CPU介绍）。

从上面的例子还可以看出，C语言的语句和低级语言的指令之间不是简单的一一对应关系，一条 a = b + 1;

语句要翻译成三条汇编或机器指令，这个过程称为编译（Compile），由编译器（Compiler）来完成，显然编译器的功能比汇编器要复杂得多。

编写、编译和执行一个C程序的步骤如下：

用文本编辑器写一个C程序，然后保存成一个文件，例如 program.c

（通常C程序的文件名后缀是 .c

），这称为源代码（Source Code）或源文件。

运行编译器对它进行编译，编译的过程并不执行程序，而是把源代码全部翻译成机器指令，再加上一些描述信息，生成一个新的文件，例如 a.out

，这个文件称为可执行文件（Executable）。

可执行文件可以被操作系统（Operating System）加载执行，计算机执行该文件中由编译器生成的指令。

作者：一个会写诗的程序员

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来源：简书

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