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Netty 实现心跳机制与断线重连

作者:pengjs991111 时间:2019-10-14 09:28:14 0 删除 编辑

心跳机制

何为心跳

所谓心跳, 即在 TCP 长连接中, 客户端和服务器之间定期发送的一种特殊的数据包, 通知对方自己还在线, 以确保 TCP 连接的有效性.

注:心跳包还有另一个作用,经常被忽略,即:一个连接如果长时间不用,防火墙或者路由器就会断开该连接。

如何实现

核心Handler —— IdleStateHandler

在 Netty 中, 实现心跳机制的关键是 IdleStateHandler, 那么这个 Handler 如何使用呢? 先看下它的构造器:

public IdleStateHandler(int readerIdleTimeSeconds, int writerIdleTimeSeconds, int allIdleTimeSeconds) {

this((long)readerIdleTimeSeconds, (long)writerIdleTimeSeconds, (long)allIdleTimeSeconds, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

}

这里解释下三个参数的含义:

readerIdleTimeSeconds: 读超时. 即当在指定的时间间隔内没有从 Channel 读取到数据时, 会触发一个 READER_IDLE 的 IdleStateEvent 事件.

writerIdleTimeSeconds: 写超时. 即当在指定的时间间隔内没有数据写入到 Channel 时, 会触发一个 WRITER_IDLE 的 IdleStateEvent 事件.

allIdleTimeSeconds: 读/写超时. 即当在指定的时间间隔内没有读或写操作时, 会触发一个ALL_IDLE 的 IdleStateEvent 事件.

注:这三个参数默认的时间单位是秒。若需要指定其他时间单位,可以使用另一个构造方法:IdleStateHandler(boolean observeOutput, long readerIdleTime, long writerIdleTime, long allIdleTime, TimeUnit unit)

在看下面的实现之前,建议先了解一下IdleStateHandler的实现原理。

下面直接上代码,需要注意的地方,会在代码中通过注释进行说明。

使用IdleStateHandler实现心跳

下面将使用IdleStateHandler来实现心跳,Client端连接到Server端后,会循环执行一个任务:随机等待几秒,然后ping一下Server端,即发送一个心跳包。当等待的时间超过规定时间,将会发送失败,以为Server端在此之前已经主动断开连接了。代码如下:

Client端

ClientIdleStateTrigger —— 心跳触发器

类ClientIdleStateTrigger也是一个Handler,只是重写了userEventTriggered方法,用于捕获IdleState.WRITER_IDLE事件(未在指定时间内向服务器发送数据),然后向Server端发送一个心跳包。

/**

*

* 用于捕获{@link IdleState#WRITER_IDLE}事件(未在指定时间内向服务器发送数据),然后向Server端发送一个心跳包。

*

*/

public class ClientIdleStateTrigger extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {

public static final String HEART_BEAT = "heart beat!";

@Override

public void userEventTriggered(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object evt) throws Exception {

if (evt instanceof IdleStateEvent) {

IdleState state = ((IdleStateEvent) evt).state();

if (state == IdleState.WRITER_IDLE) {

// write heartbeat to server

ctx.writeAndFlush(HEART_BEAT);

}

} else {

super.userEventTriggered(ctx, evt);

}

}

}

Pinger —— 心跳发 射 器

/**

*

客户端连接到服务器端后,会循环执行一个任务:随机等待几秒,然后ping一下Server端,即发送一个心跳包。

*/

public class Pinger extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {

private Random random = new Random();

private int baseRandom = 8;

private Channel channel;

@Override

public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {

super.channelActive(ctx);

this.channel = ctx.channel();

ping(ctx.channel());

}

private void ping(Channel channel) {

int second = Math.max(1, random.nextInt(baseRandom));

System.out.println("next heart beat will send after " + second + "s.");

ScheduledFuture future = channel.eventLoop().schedule(new Runnable() {

@Override

public void run() {

if (channel.isActive()) {

System.out.println("sending heart beat to the server...");

channel.writeAndFlush(ClientIdleStateTrigger.HEART_BEAT);

} else {

System.err.println("The connection had broken, cancel the task that will send a heart beat.");

channel.closeFuture();

throw new RuntimeException();

}

}

}, second, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

future.addListener(new GenericFutureListener() {

@Override

public void operationComplete(Future future) throws Exception {

if (future.isSuccess()) {

ping(channel);

}

}

});

}

@Override

public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {

// 当Channel已经断开的情况下, 仍然发送数据, 会抛异常, 该方法会被调用.

cause.printStackTrace();

ctx.close();

}

}

ClientHandlersInitializer —— 客户端处理器集合的初始化类

public class ClientHandlersInitializer extends ChannelInitializer {

private ReconnectHandler reconnectHandler;

private EchoHandler echoHandler;

public ClientHandlersInitializer(TcpClient tcpClient) {

Assert.notNull(tcpClient, "TcpClient can not be null.");

this.reconnectHandler = new ReconnectHandler(tcpClient);

this.echoHandler = new EchoHandler();

}

@Override

protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {

ChannelPipeline pipeline = ch.pipeline();

pipeline.addLast(new LengthFieldBasedFrameDecoder(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 0, 4, 0, 4));

pipeline.addLast(new LengthFieldPrepender(4));

pipeline.addLast(new StringDecoder(CharsetUtil.UTF_8));

pipeline.addLast(new StringEncoder(CharsetUtil.UTF_8));

pipeline.addLast(new Pinger());

}

}

注: 上面的Handler集合,除了Pinger,其他都是编解码器和解决粘包,可以忽略。

TcpClient —— TCP连接的客户端

public class TcpClient {

private String host;

private int port;

private Bootstrap bootstrap;

/** 将Channel保存起来, 可用于在其他非handler的地方发送数据 */

private Channel channel;

public TcpClient(String host, int port) {

this(host, port, new ExponentialBackOffRetry(1000, Integer.MAX_VALUE, 60 * 1000));

}

public TcpClient(String host, int port, RetryPolicy retryPolicy) {

this.host = host;

this.port = port;

init();

}

/**

* 向远程TCP服务器请求连接

*/

public void connect() {

synchronized (bootstrap) {

ChannelFuture future = bootstrap.connect(host, port);

this.channel = future.channel();

}

}

private void init() {

EventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();

// bootstrap 可重用, 只需在TcpClient实例化的时候初始化即可.

bootstrap = new Bootstrap();

bootstrap.group(group)

.channel(NioSocketChannel.class)

.handler(new ClientHandlersInitializer(TcpClient.this));

}

public static void main(String[] args) {

TcpClient tcpClient = new TcpClient("localhost", 2222);

tcpClient.connect();

}

}

Server端

ServerIdleStateTrigger —— 断连触发器

/**

*

在规定时间内未收到客户端的任何数据包, 将主动断开该连接

*/

public class ServerIdleStateTrigger extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {

@Override

public void userEventTriggered(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object evt) throws Exception {

if (evt instanceof IdleStateEvent) {

IdleState state = ((IdleStateEvent) evt).state();

if (state == IdleState.READER_IDLE) {

// 在规定时间内没有收到客户端的上行数据, 主动断开连接

ctx.disconnect();

}

} else {

super.userEventTriggered(ctx, evt);

}

}

}

ServerBizHandler —— 服务器端的业务处理器

/**

*

收到来自客户端的数据包后, 直接在控制台打印出来.

*/

@ChannelHandler.Sharable

public class ServerBizHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler {

private final String REC_HEART_BEAT = "I had received the heart beat!";

@Override

protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, String data) throws Exception {

try {

System.out.println("receive data: " + data);

// ctx.writeAndFlush(REC_HEART_BEAT);

} catch (Exception e) {

e.printStackTrace();

}

}

@Override

public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {

System.out.println("Established connection with the remote client.");

// do something

ctx.fireChannelActive();

}

@Override

public void channelInactive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {

System.out.println("Disconnected with the remote client.");

// do something

ctx.fireChannelInactive();

}

@Override

public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {

cause.printStackTrace();

ctx.close();

}

}

ServerHandlerInitializer —— 服务器端处理器集合的初始化类

/**

*

用于初始化服务器端涉及到的所有Handler

*/

public class ServerHandlerInitializer extends ChannelInitializer {

protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {

ch.pipeline().addLast("idleStateHandler", new IdleStateHandler(5, 0, 0));

ch.pipeline().addLast("idleStateTrigger", new ServerIdleStateTrigger());

ch.pipeline().addLast("frameDecoder", new LengthFieldBasedFrameDecoder(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 0, 4, 0, 4));

ch.pipeline().addLast("frameEncoder", new LengthFieldPrepender(4));

ch.pipeline().addLast("decoder", new StringDecoder());

ch.pipeline().addLast("encoder", new StringEncoder());

ch.pipeline().addLast("bizHandler", new ServerBizHandler());

}

}

注:new IdleStateHandler(5, 0, 0)该handler代表如果在5秒内没有收到来自客户端的任何数据包(包括但不限于心跳包),将会主动断开与该客户端的连接。

TcpServer —— 服务器端

public class TcpServer {

private int port;

private ServerHandlerInitializer serverHandlerInitializer;

public TcpServer(int port) {

this.port = port;

this.serverHandlerInitializer = new ServerHandlerInitializer();

}

public void start() {

EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(1);

EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();

try {

ServerBootstrap bootstrap = new ServerBootstrap();

bootstrap.group(bossGroup, workerGroup)

.channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)

.childHandler(this.serverHandlerInitializer);

// 绑定端口,开始接收进来的连接

ChannelFuture future = bootstrap.bind(port).sync();

System.out.println("Server start listen at " + port);

future.channel().closeFuture().sync();

} catch (Exception e) {

bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();

workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();

e.printStackTrace();

}

}

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

int port = 2222;

new TcpServer(port).start();

}

}

至此,所有代码已经编写完毕。

测试

首先启动客户端,再启动服务器端。启动完成后,在客户端的控制台上,可以看到打印如下类似日志:

客户端控制台输出的日志

在服务器端可以看到控制台输出了类似如下的日志:

服务器端控制台输出的日志

可以看到,客户端在发送4个心跳包后,第5个包因为等待时间较长,等到真正发送的时候,发现连接已断开了;而服务器端收到客户端的4个心跳数据包后,迟迟等不到下一个数据包,所以果断断开该连接。

异常情况

在测试过程中,有可能会出现如下情况:

异常情况

出现这种情况的原因是:在连接已断开的情况下,仍然向服务器端发送心跳包。虽然在发送心跳包之前会使用channel.isActive()判断连接是否可用,但也有可能上一刻判断结果为可用,但下一刻发送数据包之前,连接就断了。

目前尚未找到优雅处理这种情况的方案,各位看官如果有好的解决方案,还望不吝赐教。拜谢!!!

断线重连

断线重连这里就不过多介绍,相信各位都知道是怎么回事。这里只说大致思路,然后直接上代码。

实现思路

客户端在监测到与服务器端的连接断开后,或者一开始就无法连接的情况下,使用指定的重连策略进行重连操作,直到重新建立连接或重试次数耗尽。

对于如何监测连接是否断开,则是通过重写ChannelInboundHandler#channelInactive来实现,但连接不可用,该方法会被触发,所以只需要在该方法做好重连工作即可。

代码实现

注:以下代码都是在上面心跳机制的基础上修改/添加的。

因为断线重连是客户端的工作,所以只需对客户端代码进行修改。

重试策略

RetryPolicy —— 重试策略接口

public interface RetryPolicy {

/**

* Called when an operation has failed for some reason. This method should return

* true to make another attempt.

*

* @param retryCount the number of times retried so far (0 the first time)

* @return true/false

*/

boolean allowRetry(int retryCount);

/**

* get sleep time in ms of current retry count.

*

* @param retryCount current retry count

* @return the time to sleep

*/

long getSleepTimeMs(int retryCount);

}

ExponentialBackOffRetry —— 重连策略的默认实现

/**

*

Retry policy that retries a set number of times with increasing sleep time between retries

*/

public class ExponentialBackOffRetry implements RetryPolicy {

private static final int MAX_RETRIES_LIMIT = 29;

private static final int DEFAULT_MAX_SLEEP_MS = Integer.MAX_VALUE;

private final Random random = new Random();

private final long baseSleepTimeMs;

private final int maxRetries;

private final int maxSleepMs;

public ExponentialBackOffRetry(int baseSleepTimeMs, int maxRetries) {

this(baseSleepTimeMs, maxRetries, DEFAULT_MAX_SLEEP_MS);

}

public ExponentialBackOffRetry(int baseSleepTimeMs, int maxRetries, int maxSleepMs) {

this.maxRetries = maxRetries;

this.baseSleepTimeMs = baseSleepTimeMs;

this.maxSleepMs = maxSleepMs;

}

@Override

public boolean allowRetry(int retryCount) {

if (retryCount < maxRetries) {

return true;

}

return false;

}

@Override

public long getSleepTimeMs(int retryCount) {

if (retryCount < 0) {

throw new IllegalArgumentException("retries count must greater than 0.");

}

if (retryCount > MAX_RETRIES_LIMIT) {

System.out.println(String.format("maxRetries too large (%d). Pinning to %d", maxRetries, MAX_RETRIES_LIMIT));

retryCount = MAX_RETRIES_LIMIT;

}

long sleepMs = baseSleepTimeMs * Math.max(1, random.nextInt(1 << retryCount));

if (sleepMs > maxSleepMs) {

System.out.println(String.format("Sleep extension too large (%d). Pinning to %d", sleepMs, maxSleepMs));

sleepMs = maxSleepMs;

}

return sleepMs;

}

}

ReconnectHandler—— 重连处理器

@ChannelHandler.Sharable

public class ReconnectHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {

private int retries = 0;

private RetryPolicy retryPolicy;

private TcpClient tcpClient;

public ReconnectHandler(TcpClient tcpClient) {

this.tcpClient = tcpClient;

}

@Override

public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {

System.out.println("Successfully established a connection to the server.");

retries = 0;

ctx.fireChannelActive();

}

@Override

public void channelInactive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {

if (retries == 0) {

System.err.println("Lost the TCP connection with the server.");

ctx.close();

}

boolean allowRetry = getRetryPolicy().allowRetry(retries);

if (allowRetry) {

long sleepTimeMs = getRetryPolicy().getSleepTimeMs(retries);

System.out.println(String.format("Try to reconnect to the server after %dms. Retry count: %d.", sleepTimeMs, ++retries));

final EventLoop eventLoop = ctx.channel().eventLoop();

eventLoop.schedule(() -> {

System.out.println("Reconnecting ...");

tcpClient.connect();

}, sleepTimeMs, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);

}

ctx.fireChannelInactive();

}

private RetryPolicy getRetryPolicy() {

if (this.retryPolicy == null) {

this.retryPolicy = tcpClient.getRetryPolicy();

}

return this.retryPolicy;

}

}

ClientHandlersInitializer

在之前的基础上,添加了重连处理器ReconnectHandler。

public class ClientHandlersInitializer extends ChannelInitializer {

private ReconnectHandler reconnectHandler;

private EchoHandler echoHandler;

public ClientHandlersInitializer(TcpClient tcpClient) {

Assert.notNull(tcpClient, "TcpClient can not be null.");

this.reconnectHandler = new ReconnectHandler(tcpClient);

this.echoHandler = new EchoHandler();

}

@Override

protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {

ChannelPipeline pipeline = ch.pipeline();

pipeline.addLast(this.reconnectHandler);

pipeline.addLast(new LengthFieldBasedFrameDecoder(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 0, 4, 0, 4));

pipeline.addLast(new LengthFieldPrepender(4));

pipeline.addLast(new StringDecoder(CharsetUtil.UTF_8));

pipeline.addLast(new StringEncoder(CharsetUtil.UTF_8));

pipeline.addLast(new Pinger());

}

}

TcpClient

在之前的基础上添加重连、重连策略的支持。

public class TcpClient {

private String host;

private int port;

private Bootstrap bootstrap;

/** 重连策略 */

private RetryPolicy retryPolicy;

/** 将Channel保存起来, 可用于在其他非handler的地方发送数据 */

private Channel channel;

public TcpClient(String host, int port) {

this(host, port, new ExponentialBackOffRetry(1000, Integer.MAX_VALUE, 60 * 1000));

}

public TcpClient(String host, int port, RetryPolicy retryPolicy) {

this.host = host;

this.port = port;

this.retryPolicy = retryPolicy;

init();

}

/**

* 向远程TCP服务器请求连接

*/

public void connect() {

synchronized (bootstrap) {

ChannelFuture future = bootstrap.connect(host, port);

future.addListener(getConnectionListener());

this.channel = future.channel();

}

}

public RetryPolicy getRetryPolicy() {

return retryPolicy;

}

private void init() {

EventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();

// bootstrap 可重用, 只需在TcpClient实例化的时候初始化即可.

bootstrap = new Bootstrap();

bootstrap.group(group)

.channel(NioSocketChannel.class)

.handler(new ClientHandlersInitializer(TcpClient.this));

}

private ChannelFutureListener getConnectionListener() {

return new ChannelFutureListener() {

@Override

public void operationComplete(ChannelFuture future) throws Exception {

if (!future.isSuccess()) {

future.channel().pipeline().fireChannelInactive();

}

}

};

}

public static void main(String[] args) {

TcpClient tcpClient = new TcpClient("localhost", 2222);

tcpClient.connect();

}

}

测试

在测试之前,为了避开 Connection reset by peer 异常,可以稍微修改Pinger的ping()方法,添加if (second == 5)的条件判断。如下:

private void ping(Channel channel) {

int second = Math.max(1, random.nextInt(baseRandom));

if (second == 5) {

second = 6;

}

System.out.println("next heart beat will send after " + second + "s.");

ScheduledFuture future = channel.eventLoop().schedule(new Runnable() {

@Override

public void run() {

if (channel.isActive()) {

System.out.println("sending heart beat to the server...");

channel.writeAndFlush(ClientIdleStateTrigger.HEART_BEAT);

} else {

System.err.println("The connection had broken, cancel the task that will send a heart beat.");

channel.closeFuture();

throw new RuntimeException();

}

}

}, second, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

future.addListener(new GenericFutureListener() {

@Override

public void operationComplete(Future future) throws Exception {

if (future.isSuccess()) {

ping(channel);

}

}

});

}

启动客户端

先只启动客户端,观察控制台输出,可以看到类似如下日志:

断线重连测试——客户端控制台输出

可以看到,当客户端发现无法连接到服务器端,所以一直尝试重连。随着重试次数增加,重试时间间隔越大,但又不想无限增大下去,所以需要定一个阈值,比如60s。如上图所示,当下一次重试时间超过60s时,会打印Sleep extension too large(*). Pinning to 60000,单位为ms。出现这句话的意思是,计算出来的时间超过阈值(60s),所以把真正睡眠的时间重置为阈值(60s)。

启动服务器端

接着启动服务器端,然后继续观察客户端控制台输出。

断线重连测试——服务器端启动后客户端控制台输出

可以看到,在第9次重试失败后,第10次重试之前,启动的服务器,所以第10次重连的结果为Successfully established a connection to the server.,即成功连接到服务器。接下来因为还是不定时ping服务器,所以出现断线重连、断线重连的循环。

扩展

在不同环境,可能会有不同的重连需求。有不同的重连需求的,只需自己实现RetryPolicy接口,然后在创建TcpClient的时候覆盖默认的重连策略即可。

来自 “ ITPUB博客 ” ,链接:https://blog.itpub.net/623/viewspace-3167478/ ,如需转载,请注明出处,否则将追究法律责任。

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