本文将介绍如何使用 Python 对 TiDB 进行应用开发,并做简单的 CRUD 演示。
对应
TiDB 6.0 Book Rush
的
第二章
。

为了便于演示应用开发,本文将使用 TiDB 6.0 本地测试集群,以及 MariaDB Connector/Python,具体环境版本信息如下。
TiDB 6.0 Python 3.6.8 MariaDB Connector/Python 1.0.11
快速启动本地测试集群,具体方法请参考 官方文档–部署本地测试集群 和文章 《TiUP:TiDBAer 必备利器》 。
tiup playground v6.0.0 --host 192.168.8.101 --tag classroom --pd 3 --kv 2 --db 1 --tiflash 1
CLUSTER START SUCCESSFULLY, Enjoy it ^-^ To connect TiDB: mysql --comments --host 192.168.8.101 --port 4000 -u root -p (no password) To view the dashboard: http://192.168.8.101:2379/dashboard PD client endpoints: [192.168.8.101:2379 192.168.8.101:2382 192.168.8.101:2384]
TiDB 高度兼容 MySQL 5.7 协议,理论上只要是支持 MySQL 及其分支版本的 Python 连接器都可以连接 TiDB,但仍需要具体测试。
MySQL 官方提供的连接器为 MySQL Connector/Python 。最新GA版本 8.0.29,官方文档推荐升级到最新版本,并声明此版本可用于 MySQL Server 8.0 和 5.7。
MariaDB 提供的连接器为 MariaDB Connector/Python 。最新GA版本为 1.0.11,可用于访问 MariaDB 和 MySQL,使用的 API 与 Python DB API Spec 2.0 (PEP 249) 兼容。
除这两种官方连接器之外,还有两种常见的客户端,分别是:
Python 2 下使用的 MySQL-python ,该包已停止维护,不推荐使用。
本文使用的是 MariaDB Connector/Python,下面将做具体演示。
由于 MariaDB Connector/Python 使用 Python 3 编写,且依赖 MariaDB Connector/C,所以需要先安装依赖包。
sudo yum install -y MariaDB-devel gcc python3-devel
shawnyan@centos7:~$ rpm -q MariaDB-devel gcc python3-devel MariaDB-devel-10.6.7-1.el7.centos.x86_64 gcc-4.8.5-44.el7.x86_64 python3-devel-3.6.8-18.el7.x86_64
python3 -m pip install mariadb --user
shawnyan@centos7:~$ python3 -m pip install mariadb --user Installing collected packages: mariadb Running setup.py install for mariadb ... done Successfully installed mariadb-1.0.11
shawnyan@centos7:~$ python3 -m pip install mariadb --user Requirement already satisfied: mariadb in /home/shawnyan/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages (1.0.11)
shawnyan@centos7:~$ python3 -m pip show mariadb Name: mariadb Version: 1.0.11 Summary: Python MariaDB extension Home-page: https://www.github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-connector-python Author: Georg Richter Author-email: License: LGPL 2.1 Location: /home/shawnyan/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages Requires: Required-by:
到此,安装完成!
与 CentOS 环境类似,需要安装 MariaDB Connector/C,下载页面为 Connectors 。
此外,还需要安装 Microsoft Visual C++ 14.0,下载页面为 Microsoft Visual C++ Build Tools 。
本文示例代码是在 PyCharm 中开发的,所以在安装完成依赖后,直接在 PyCharm 中安装 MariaDB Connector/Python。
安装路径为:
File > Settings > Project > Available Packages。

图-安装mariadb包
到此,安装完成!
通过
tiup demo 创建基础数据,会自动在 TiDB 中创建库
bookshop 以及 6 张表,并导入基础数据。
Bookshop 是一个虚拟的在线书店应用,你可以在 Bookshop 当中便捷地购买到各种类别的书,也可以对你看过的书进行点评。
tiup demo bookshop prepare -H 192.168.8.101
shawnyan@centos7:~$ tiup demo bookshop prepare -H 192.168.8.101 tiup is checking updates for component demo ... Starting component `demo`: /home/shawnyan/.tiup/components/demo/v0.0.8/tidb-dataset /home/shawnyan/.tiup/components/demo/v0.0.8/tidb-dataset bookshop prepare -H 192.168.8.101 INFO[0000] Creating the tables if not existed.... dataset=bookshop INFO[0000] Creating table books. dataset=bookshop INFO[0000] Creating table users. dataset=bookshop INFO[0000] Creating table authors. dataset=bookshop INFO[0000] Creating table book_authors. dataset=bookshop INFO[0001] Creating table orders. dataset=bookshop INFO[0001] Creating table ratings. dataset=bookshop INFO[0001] Finished creating tables! dataset=bookshop INFO[0001] Clearing the old data.... dataset=bookshop INFO[0002] Loading users data... dataset=bookshop INFO[0004] Loading books data... dataset=bookshop INFO[0006] Loading authors data... dataset=bookshop INFO[0008] Loading book authors data... dataset=bookshop INFO[0009] Loading book orders data... dataset=bookshop INFO[0039] Loading book ratings data... dataset=bookshop INFO[0071] Finished! dataset=bookshop
bookshop 表数据量:SELECT CONCAT(table_schema,'.',table_name) AS 'Table Name', table_rows AS 'Number of Rows' FROM information_schema.TABLES WHERE table_schema = 'bookshop' ORDER BY 1;
+-----------------------+----------------+ | Table Name | Number of Rows | +-----------------------+----------------+ | bookshop.authors | 20000 | | bookshop.book_authors | 20000 | | bookshop.books | 20000 | | bookshop.orders | 300000 | | bookshop.ratings | 300000 | | bookshop.users | 9985 | +-----------------------+----------------+ 6 rows in set (0.018 sec)
需要配置连接信息,默认为不自动提交:
conn_params = {
"user": "root",
"password": "",
"host": "192.168.8.101",
"port": 4000,
"database": "bookshop",
"autocommit": False
}
可调用连接器内置方法,直接查看数据库版本和会话的字符集。发送查询语句,查看自动提交的参数值。
# 2. Check Conn Info (Server Version, Charset)
print("Server Version:", conn.server_info)
print("Connection Charset:", conn.character_set, conn.collation)
# 3. Check Server Variables
cursor.execute("SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'autocommit'")
resAutoCommit = cursor.fetchone()
print(resAutoCommit)
Server Version: 5.7.25-TiDB-v6.0.0
Connection Charset: utf8mb4 utf8mb4_general_ci
('autocommit', 'OFF')
注: 使用 MariaDB Connector/Python 连接数据库,会总是使用 utf8mb4。
下面将分单值写入、多值写入、单值查询,以及多值查询四种情况分别做演示。
向
books 表中插入一条数据,并在之后手动提交:
# 4. Insert One Row sqlInsertOne = "REPLACE INTO books (id, title, published_at) VALUES (1, 'tidb-monthly', '2022-05-09')" cursor.execute(sqlInsertOne) conn.commit()
如果 TiDB Server 已开启 General 日志,则可以在日志文件中看到:
[2022/05/12 22:26:05.103 +08:00] [INFO] [session.go:3264] [GENERAL_LOG] [conn=467] [user=root@%] [schemaVersion=144] [txnStartTS=0] [forUpdateTS=0] [isReadConsistency=false] [current_db=bookshop] [txn_mode=PESSIMISTIC] [sql="REPLACE INTO books (id, title, published_at) VALUES (1, 'tidb-monthly', '2022-05-09')"] [2022/05/12 22:26:05.120 +08:00] [INFO] [session.go:3264] [GENERAL_LOG] [conn=467] [user=root@%] [schemaVersion=144] [txnStartTS=433157718689710084] [forUpdateTS=433157718689710084] [isReadConsistency=false] [current_db=bookshop] [txn_mode=PESSIMISTIC] [sql=COMMIT]
也可将多组值包装到一个字典中,然后传递给执行器,此时就用到了
executemany,可一次性执行多条语句,并将其封装在一个事务内,以保证写入数据的完整性。
# 5. Insert Multi Rows data = [ (10, 'TiDB Book Rush', '2022-05-10'), (11, 'TiDB Blog', '2022-05-11'), (12, 'TiDB 6.0 Release', '2022-05-12') ] sqlInsertMulti = "REPLACE INTO books (id, title, published_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?)" cursor.executemany(sqlInsertMulti, data)
[2022/05/12 22:26:05.131 +08:00] [INFO] [session.go:3264] [GENERAL_LOG] [conn=467] [user=root@%] [schemaVersion=144] [txnStartTS=0] [forUpdateTS=0] [isReadConsistency=false] [current_db=bookshop] [txn_mode=PESSIMISTIC] [sql=BEGIN] [2022/05/12 22:26:05.154 +08:00] [INFO] [session.go:3264] [GENERAL_LOG] [conn=467] [user=root@%] [schemaVersion=144] [txnStartTS=433157718702817281] [forUpdateTS=433157718702817281] [isReadConsistency=false] [current_db=bookshop] [txn_mode=PESSIMISTIC] [sql="REPLACE INTO books (id, title, published_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?) [arguments: (10, \"TiDB Book Rush\", \"2022-05-10\")]"] [2022/05/12 22:26:05.162 +08:00] [INFO] [session.go:3264] [GENERAL_LOG] [conn=467] [user=root@%] [schemaVersion=144] [txnStartTS=433157718702817281] [forUpdateTS=433157718702817281] [isReadConsistency=false] [current_db=bookshop] [txn_mode=PESSIMISTIC] [sql="REPLACE INTO books (id, title, published_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?) [arguments: (11, \"TiDB Blog\", \"2022-05-11\")]"] [2022/05/12 22:26:05.168 +08:00] [INFO] [session.go:3264] [GENERAL_LOG] [conn=467] [user=root@%] [schemaVersion=144] [txnStartTS=433157718702817281] [forUpdateTS=433157718702817281] [isReadConsistency=false] [current_db=bookshop] [txn_mode=PESSIMISTIC] [sql="REPLACE INTO books (id, title, published_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?) [arguments: (12, \"TiDB 6.0 Release\", \"2022-05-12\")]"] [2022/05/12 22:26:05.178 +08:00] [INFO] [session.go:3264] [GENERAL_LOG] [conn=467] [user=root@%] [schemaVersion=144] [txnStartTS=433157718702817281] [forUpdateTS=433157718702817281] [isReadConsistency=false] [current_db=bookshop] [txn_mode=PESSIMISTIC] [sql=COMMIT]
因为 TiDB 使用
utf8_bin 做为默认校验规则,所以查询条件会区分大小写,这里使用内置函数
lower() 将所有字符转成小写,来消除大小写区分的影响。
fetchone() 方法查询一条结果,并用
| 作为分隔符将结果打印。# 6. Query Data -- One Row
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM books where lower(title) like 'tidb%'")
row = cursor.fetchone()
print("Select One Row:", *row, sep='|')
Select One Row:|1|tidb-monthly|Magazine|2022-05-09 00:00:00|0|0.00
对于多值读取的情况,可使用
fetchmany(size: int) 方法,传入欲获取的行数后执行,即可得到需要的结果集。
本例中,因为上文只写入4条数据,所以也只能查到4条,代码如下。
# 7. Query Data -- Many
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM books where lower(title) like 'tidb%'")
row = cursor.fetchmany(10)
print("rows_affected:", cursor.rowcount)
res = []
for i in row:
res.append({"id": i[0], "book": i[1], "published": "{:%Y-%m-%d}".format(i[3])})
print("Select Many Rows:", res)
rows_affected: 4
Select Many Rows: [{'id': 1, 'book': 'tidb-monthly', 'published': '2022-05-09'}, {'id': 10, 'book': 'TiDB Book Rush', 'published': '2022-05-10'}, {'id': 11, 'book': 'TiDB Blog', 'published': '2022-05-11'}, {'id': 12, 'book': 'TiDB 6.0 Release', 'published': '2022-05-12'}]
到此,以上四种情况已全部演示完毕。
最后,以一个完整示例作为本文结尾。
Books 表所在的 TiKV 节点的版本和地址,并输出结果。#!/bin/python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Author: @ShawnYan
import mariadb
# 1. Connecting
conn_params = {
"user": "root",
"password": "",
"host": "192.168.8.101",
"port": 4000,
"database": "bookshop",
"autocommit": False
}
conn = mariadb.connect(**conn_params)
cursor = conn.cursor(buffered=True)
# 2. Check Conn Info (Server Version, Charset)
print("Server Version:", conn.server_info)
print("Connection Charset:", conn.character_set, conn.collation)
# 7. Query Data -- Many
cursor.execute(
"SELECT DISTINCT t1.DB_NAME,t1.TABLE_NAME, t1.REGION_ID, t3.ADDRESS, t3.version "
"FROM information_schema.tikv_region_status t1 INNER JOIN information_schema.tikv_region_peers t2 "
"ON t1.REGION_ID = t2.region_id INNER JOIN information_schema.TIKV_STORE_STATUS t3 ON t2.STORE_ID = t3.STORE_ID "
"WHERE t1.DB_NAME = 'bookshop' AND t1.TABLE_NAME = 'books'")
row = cursor.fetchall()
res = []
for i in row:
res.append({"DB": i[0], "TABLE": i[1], "REGION_ID": i[2], "TIKV_ADDR": i[3], "TIKV_VERSION": i[4]})
print("Select Many Rows:", res)
# free resources
cursor.close()
conn.close()
输出结果为:
Server Version: 5.7.25-TiDB-v6.0.0
Connection Charset: utf8mb4 utf8mb4_general_ci
Select Many Rows: [{'DB': 'bookshop', 'TABLE': 'books', 'REGION_ID': 4028065, 'TIKV_ADDR': '192.168.8.101:20161', 'TIKV_VERSION': '6.0.0'}]
以上就是本文的全部内容,其他开发语言的开发实践,请参考官方文档,或扩展阅读。
来自 PingCAP Education 原厂,适合 开发人员的课程 :
https://www.modb.pro/db/403262
https://tidb.net/blog/ef4c1f65?shareId=2923d1b6
https://tidb.net/book/book-rush/developer-guide/simple-crud/sample-application-python

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