今天和大家分享一下在linux下挂载新硬盘的步骤。
演示的环境基于centos

[root@localhost etc]# uname -a
Linux localhost.localdomain 2.6.32-220.el6.x86_64 #1 SMP Tue Dec 6 19:48:22 GMT 2011 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
[root@localhost etc]# cat system-release
CentOS release 6.2 (Final)
[root@localhost etc]# 

先挂载了一个3G的硬盘查看磁盘空间的情况
[root@localhost etc]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 42.9 GB, 42949672960 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5221 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x0004daae


   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *           1          39      307200   83  Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2              39        4998    39832576   83  Linux
/dev/sda3            4998        5222     1802240   82  Linux swap / Solaris


Disk /dev/sdb: 3221 MB, 3221225472 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 391 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000

Disk /dev/sdb doesn't contain a valid partition table

划分磁盘分区，分为4个主分区，最后写入磁盘。
[root@localhost etc]# fdisk /dev/sdb

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
         switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
         sectors (command 'u').


Command (m for help): m
Command action
   a   toggle a bootable flag
   b   edit bsd disklabel
   c   toggle the dos compatibility flag
   d   delete a partition
   l   list known partition types
   m   print this menu
   n   add a new partition
   o   create a new empty DOS partition table
   p   print the partition table
   q   quit without saving changes
   s   create a new empty Sun disklabel
   t   change a partition's system id
   u   change display/entry units
   v   verify the partition table
   w   write table to disk and exit
   x   extra functionality (experts only)

Command (m for help): n
Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 4
First cylinder (1-391, default 1): 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-391, default 391): 100


Command (m for help): n
Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 2
First cylinder (101-391, default 101): 101
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (101-391, default 391): 200


Command (m for help): n
Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 3
First cylinder (201-391, default 201): 201
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (201-391, default 391): 300


Command (m for help): n
Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
p
Selected partition 1
First cylinder (301-391, default 301): 301
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (301-391, default 391): 391


Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!


Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost etc]# fdisk -l

再次查看分区情况，
Disk /dev/sdb: 3221 MB, 3221225472 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 391 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xe5f51a7b


   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1             301         391      730957+  83  Linux
/dev/sdb2             101         200      803250   83  Linux
/dev/sdb3             201         300      803250   83  Linux
/dev/sdb4               1         100      803218+  83  Linux

Partition table entries are not in disk order

我就格式化第一个分区，采用文件系统ext3.

[root@localhost etc]# mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
45696 inodes, 182739 blocks
9136 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=188743680
6 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
7616 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
        32768, 98304, 163840


Writing inode tables: done                            
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done


This filesystem will be automatically checked every 27 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

创建一个临时目录，然后把分区挂载到这个目录下。
[root@localhost /]# mkdir test

[root@localhost /]# mount /dev/sdb1 /test
挂载后查看磁盘情况，就可以看到分区就在那了。
[root@localhost /]# df -h
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2              38G   32G  4.3G  89% /
tmpfs                 980M  288K  980M   1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1             291M   32M  244M  12% /boot
/dev/sdb1             703M   17M  651M   3% /test


配置开机启动项
vi /etc/fstab 
LABEL=SWAP-sda2         swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
加入如下
/dev/sdb1               /test                    ext3    defaults        1 1
~                                                                               
5.    第5列为dump选项，设置是否让备份程序dump备份文件系统，0为忽略，1为备份。
6.    第6列为fsck选项，告诉fsck程序以什么顺序检查文件系统，0为忽略。