## StateTransition 状态转换模型 /* The State Transitioning Model 状态转换模型 A state transition is a change made when a transaction is applied to the current world state 状态转换 是指用当前的world state来执行交易,并改变当前的world state The state transitioning model does all all the necessary work to work out a valid new state root. 状态转换做了所有所需的工作来产生一个新的有效的state root 1) Nonce handling Nonce 处理 2) Pre pay gas 预先支付Gas 3) Create a new state object if the recipient is \0*32 如果接收人是空,那么创建一个新的state object 4) Value transfer 转账 == If contract creation == 4a) Attempt to run transaction data 尝试运行输入的数据 4b) If valid, use result as code for the new state object 如果有效,那么用运行的结果作为新的state object的code == end == 5) Run Script section 运行脚本部分 6) Derive new state root 导出新的state root */ type StateTransition struct { gp *GasPool //用来追踪区块内部的Gas的使用情况 msg Message // Message Call gas uint64 gasPrice *big.Int // gas的价格 initialGas *big.Int // 最开始的gas value *big.Int // 转账的值 data []byte // 输入数据 state vm.StateDB // StateDB evm *vm.EVM // 虚拟机 } // Message represents a message sent to a contract. type Message interface { From() common.Address //FromFrontier() (common.Address, error) To() *common.Address // GasPrice() *big.Int // Message 的 GasPrice Gas() *big.Int //message 的 GasLimit Value() *big.Int Nonce() uint64 CheckNonce() bool Data() []byte } 构造 // NewStateTransition initialises and returns a new state transition object. func NewStateTransition(evm *vm.EVM, msg Message, gp *GasPool) *StateTransition { return &StateTransition{ gp: gp, evm: evm, msg: msg, gasPrice: msg.GasPrice(), initialGas: new(big.Int), value: msg.Value(), data: msg.Data(), state: evm.StateDB, } } 执行Message // ApplyMessage computes the new state by applying the given message // against the old state within the environment. // ApplyMessage 通过应用给定的Message 和状态来生成新的状态 // ApplyMessage returns the bytes returned by any EVM execution (if it took place), // the gas used (which includes gas refunds) and an error if it failed. An error always // indicates a core error meaning that the message would always fail for that particular // state and would never be accepted within a block. // ApplyMessage返回由任何EVM执行(如果发生)返回的字节, // 使用的Gas(包括Gas退款),如果失败则返回错误。 一个错误总是表示一个核心错误, // 意味着这个消息对于这个特定的状态将总是失败,并且永远不会在一个块中被接受。 func ApplyMessage(evm *vm.EVM, msg Message, gp *GasPool) ([]byte, *big.Int, bool, error) { st := NewStateTransition(evm, msg, gp) ret, _, gasUsed, failed, err := st.TransitionDb() return ret, gasUsed, failed, err } TransitionDb // TransitionDb will transition the state by applying the current message and returning the result // including the required gas for the operation as well as the used gas. It returns an error if it // failed. An error indicates a consensus issue. // TransitionDb func (st *StateTransition) TransitionDb() (ret []byte, requiredGas, usedGas *big.Int, failed bool, err error) { if err = st.preCheck(); err != nil { return } msg := st.msg sender := st.from() // err checked in preCheck homestead := st.evm.ChainConfig().IsHomestead(st.evm.BlockNumber) contractCreation := msg.To() == nil // 如果msg.To是nil 那么认为是一个合约创建 // Pay intrinsic gas // TODO convert to uint64 // 计算最开始的Gas g0 intrinsicGas := IntrinsicGas(st.data, contractCreation, homestead) if intrinsicGas.BitLen() > 64 { return nil, nil, nil, false, vm.ErrOutOfGas } if err = st.useGas(intrinsicGas.Uint64()); err != nil { return nil, nil, nil, false, err } var ( evm = st.evm // vm errors do not effect consensus and are therefor // not assigned to err, except for insufficient balance // error. vmerr error ) if contractCreation { //如果是合约创建, 那么调用evm的Create方法 ret, _, st.gas, vmerr = evm.Create(sender, st.data, st.gas, st.value) } else { // Increment the nonce for the next transaction // 如果是方法调用。那么首先设置sender的nonce。 st.state.SetNonce(sender.Address(), st.state.GetNonce(sender.Address())+1) ret, st.gas, vmerr = evm.Call(sender, st.to().Address(), st.data, st.gas, st.value) } if vmerr != nil { log.Debug("VM returned with error", "err", vmerr) // The only possible consensus-error would be if there wasn't // sufficient balance to make the transfer happen. The first // balance transfer may never fail. if vmerr == vm.ErrInsufficientBalance { return nil, nil, nil, false, vmerr } } requiredGas = new(big.Int).Set(st.gasUsed()) // 计算被使用的Gas数量 st.refundGas() //计算Gas的退费 会增加到 st.gas上面。 所以矿工拿到的是退税后的 st.state.AddBalance(st.evm.Coinbase, new(big.Int).Mul(st.gasUsed(), st.gasPrice)) // 给矿工增加收入。 // requiredGas和gasUsed的区别一个是没有退税的, 一个是退税了的。 // 看上面的调用 ApplyMessage直接丢弃了requiredGas, 说明返回的是退税了的。 return ret, requiredGas, st.gasUsed(), vmerr != nil, err }
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